The Lombard League once again receiving papal support by Gregory IX, who excommunicated Frederick II in 1239, and effectively countered the emperor's efforts. Medieval miniature depicting the Battle of Fossalta (1249) Milan and five other cities withstood his attacks, and in October 1238 he had to unsuccessfully raise the siege of Brescia. It was a moment of grave historic importance, when Frederick's hatred coloured his judgment and blocked all possibilities of a peaceful settlement. Nevertheless, he misjudged his strength, rejecting all Milanese peace overtures and insisting on unconditional surrender. The emperor's measures included the taking of Vicenza and his victory in the 1237 Battle of Cortenuova which established the reputation of the emperor as a skillful strategist. The efforts of Emperor Frederick II to gain greater power in Italy were aborted by the cities, which earned the League an Imperial ban.

In 1226 Frederick, sole king since 1218 and emperor since 1220, aimed to convene the princes of the Holy Roman Empire in Italy in order to prepare the Sixth Crusade.

The Lombard League was renewed several times and upon the death of Frederick I's son Henry VI in 1197 once again gained prestige, while Henry's minor son, Frederick II, elected king, had to fight for the throne against his Welf rival Otto IV. Illustrating the comunes of the Lombard League in 1183. Among the League's members, Milan, now favoured by the emperor, began to take a special position, which sparked conflicts mainly with the citizens of Cremona.Ī Bronze replica of the Peace of Constance in Konstanz. The Treaty of Venice, which took place in 1177, established a six-year truce from August, 1178 to 1183, when in the Peace of Constance a compromise was found where after the Italian cities agreed to remain loyal to the Holy Roman Empire but retained local jurisdiction and droit de régale over their territories. At the Battle of Legnano on, the emperor's army finally was defeated. He nevertheless was no longer able to play off the cities against each other. Frederick I strived against the cities, especially Milan, which already had been occupied and devastated in 1162. Though not a declared separatist movement, the League openly challenged the emperor's claim to power ( Honor Imperii). Member cities of the first and second Lombard League. Formed at Pontida on 1 December 1167, the Lombard League included-beside Verona, Padua, Vicenza and Venice-cities like Crema, Cremona, Mantua, Piacenza, Bergamo, Brescia, Milan, Genoa, Bologna, Modena, Reggio Emilia, Treviso, Vercelli, Lodi, Parma, Ferrara and even some lords, such as the Marquis Malaspina and Ezzelino da Romano. It was backed by Pope Alexander III (the town of Alessandria was named in his honour), who also wished to see Frederick's power in Italy decline. The association succeeded the Veronese League, established in 1164 by Verona, Padua, Vicenza, and the Republic of Venice, after Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa had claimed direct Imperial control over Italy at the 1158 Diet of Roncaglia and began to replace the podestà magistrates by his own commissioners. With the death of the third and last Hohenstaufen emperor, Frederick II, in 1250, it became obsolete and was disbanded. At its apex, it included most of the cities of Northern Italy, but its membership changed with time. The Lombard League ( Liga Lombarda in Lombard, Lega Lombarda in Italian) was a medieval alliance formed in 1167, supported by the popes, to counter the attempts by the Hohenstaufen Holy Roman emperors to assert influence over the Kingdom of Italy as a part of the Holy Roman Empire. Lombard standard bearer re-entering Milan in 1167 (the year of the League's foundation) after its destruction in 1162 by Emperor Frederick I. For the political party, see Lega Lombarda.

Qustodio bypass